The functional requirements of textiles are different depending on the purpose of use. The methods for producing functional textiles are also varied. They involve the textile and dyeing and finishing industries, as well as chemical fibers and fine chemicals.
To make conventional textiles functional can be achieved through the following ways: First, take certain special fibers and functionalized fibers, and develop and produce functional textiles with corresponding functions.
Such as the use of colored cotton, bamboo fiber and other natural fibers and cashmere, camel hair, human hair and other short-haired special natural protein fiber and antibacterial fiber, flame-retardant fiber and other functional fibers as raw materials, the development of new composite functional textiles. The second is to perform functional finishing on textiles, that is, to use finishing agents such as functional finishing, coating or modification on the finished products of fibers, yarns, and fabrics to give products the necessary functions.
For example, a durable, oil-repellent and water-repellent fabric finished with organic fluorine, a waterproof and wind-proof and moisture-permeable fabric produced using a PTFE coating, and an antibacterial fabric finished with an antibacterial agent. The third is the use of high-performance, such as ultra-high strength, high-modulus, heat-resistant fiber materials such as the development of special functions with a corresponding use of textiles, such as the use of aramid production bullet-proof clothing, high temperature clothing and so on.
1 Functional Fiber Preparation Functional Textiles
The functional fibers can be made into textiles with corresponding functions by conventional production processes. Functional fibers, also known as high-functional fibers, new fibers, in addition to the "fiber, fabric, clothing," this feature also has some special features. In addition, functional fibers sometimes refer to new special functions in the general morphological functions of fibers, so broadly speaking, they also include high-inductivity fibers, high-performance fibers, and high-function fibers.
Most of the preparation of functional fibers use the following methods or several methods and use:
(1) The fiber is surface-processed, that is, it is given chemical or physical means some new special functions of natural fibers and chemical fibers. The surface processing method mainly includes a surface treatment method and a resin finishing method. Such as the preparation of antistatic fibers using surface treatment. In the treatment, ion complexation can be used. The surface of the fiber is first treated with a cationic antistatic agent and then treated with an anionic antistatic agent so that the surface of the fiber is covered with a complex of anionic and cationic surfactants to achieve moisture absorption. And antistatic effect.
Resin finishing is to attach a certain function of the resin (such as anti-static, flame-retardant, etc.) to the fiber surface through dipping, rolling, melting, baking and other processes to form a very thin protective film, so that the fiber has a certain function.
(2) Modification of conventional synthetic fiber materials by adding functional additives through blending and conjugate spinning. This functional additive is evenly dispersed in the fibers to give the fibers some special function. New type of composite spinning technology can also be used to produce ultra-fine fibers and core/sheath fibers with different internal and external functions.
The function of such functional fibers may involve far-infrared, anti-ultraviolet, anti-radiation, antibacterial, antistatic, anion, conductive, etc. The fibers are mainly polyester and polypropylene, and the types include filaments and staple fibers. In recent years, a variety of functional fibers with various inorganic nanomaterials as additives have shown a good momentum of development.
(3) Partially change the structure of the polymer by copolymerization and other methods, so that the polymer obtains certain special functions. For example, the introduction of hydrophilic and conductive components on the backbone of hydrophobic synthetic fiber macromolecules can increase the conductivity of the fiber to some extent.
At present, the functional fibers developed in China mainly include: far-infrared fiber, anti-ultraviolet fiber, anion fiber, antibacterial deodorant fiber, photocatalytic fiber, flame-retardant fiber, flavor fiber, discoloration fiber, radiation protection fiber, magnetic fiber, nano fiber, Conductive and antistatic fibers, these functional fibers undoubtedly provide powerful raw material support for the development of functional textiles.
2 functional finishing preparation of functional textiles
Ordinary textiles can be given special functions by special finishing methods to satisfy certain special requirements. The functional finishing of textiles has a strong purpose, good effect, and high added value of products. The functional finishing of textiles requires good environmental characteristics, safety of production operations, and non-toxicity of the final product, no side effects, and good functional durability.
The methods of functional finishing of textiles include physical finishing, chemical finishing and biological ecological finishing. Among them, physical finishing is divided into three methods: impregnation method, padding method and coating method.
(1) Physical finishing
a) Impregnation method: A multifunctional finishing agent that forms a uniform solution with a finishing agent and a solvent, penetrates into the voids between the fibers in the textile as the solution penetrates, forms an intermolecular surface with the fiber surface, and adheres to the textile. Due to the weak interaction between the finishing agent and the textile, the combined fastness is not high, and it is vulnerable to the loss of specific functions due to the influence of the outside world and the use conditions.
b) Padding The textiles to be finished are immersed in a solution. After rolling, the additives are squeezed into the gaps of the textile fibers with the solution. The padding method is simple and easy to implement, it can be realized with ordinary sizing equipment, and the cost is low, but the fabric feel and style characteristics are slightly affected by the solution.
c) Coating method: The finishing agent is applied to the textile and cured, and the finishing agent and the textile fiber can be partially subjected to a graft polymerization reaction or the finishing agent can be polymerized with each other to form a relatively firm film on the outer surface of the textile. This sorting method has high combination fastness, good durability, and low cost. The disadvantage is that the style of textiles and hand feel finish agents have a greater impact.
(2) Chemical finishing
The monomer of the fiber material is chemically copolymerized and grafted with macromolecules or monomers having certain functions, so that the fiber material and the functional material are tightly combined to form a new functional material. Chemical finishing has permanent performance, but this method is technically strong, costly, and difficult to produce.
(3) Bio-ecological finishing
Bio-ecological finishing method is an emerging method of finishing in recent years. Bio-enzymes that are widely used are used to sort textiles. Such sorting has the characteristics of high safety, little impact on the environment, and good finishing effect. Since bio-ecological finishing relies on biochemical effects, although the finishing effect is good and the function is long-lasting, the production is difficult and the cost is high. The influence on the texture and handfeel of textiles varies with the type of enzyme.
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Guangzhou LIDONG Garment Industrial Co., Ltd. , https://www.lidonggarment.com